History+Of++The+Internet

** Title: The History of the Internet  ** ** Authors: Niamh -Erin O’Conchubhair  ** ** &  **    **  Kellyana Gonzalez Fogarty  ** ** Class: Computer Technology   ** ** DL143, Year 1  ** ** Lecturer: Robert Griffin  ** ** Report on the History of the Internet  ** ** Contents:  ** ** 3.1  ** A Political Struggle ** 3.2  ** The American dream ** 4.1  ** Packet Switching ** 4.2  ** Arpanet ** 4.3  ** Protocol ** 5.1 ** World Wide Web ** 5.2 **Hypertext ** 5.3 **HTML ** 5.4 **URL ** 5.5  ** Search engines
 * CA2 **
 * 1. ** Introduction
 * 2. ** What is the Internet?
 * 3 ** The History
 * 4 ** The Development
 * 5 ** How it’s Developing and Growing Today
 * 6 ** Uses of the Internet Today and Future
 * 7 ** Conclusions
 * 8 ** References

** 1.  ****  Introduction  ** This report details what the internet is, how it began and where it is heading. It begins with the political struggle that encouraged America to develop a network and then explains how it was constructed and developed. ** 2.  ****  What is the internet? **  The internet is a global network of computers connected by phone lines, fibre optic lines, coaxial cable, satellites, and wireless connections and running internet protocol. It began when many smaller networks emerged and joined with non-US networks to form the global internet. The internet is used to quickly find, manage and share information ** 3.  ****  History  ** After World War II came to an end, the Soviet Union and the US were obsessed with obtaining Germany and began a competition of power. ** 3.1  ****  A Political Struggle  ** The space race was the name given to the fight where the two nations fought to become more scientifically and technologically advanced. They kept trying to top each other and become more superior in space. In 1957 the USSR launched Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite. The US felt under threat by the advances of Russia so they formed the “Advanced Research Projects Agency” (ARPA) to advance America’s technology ahead of the Soviet Union. ** 3.2  ****  The American Dream   ** The idea of ARPA was to make science and technology that could be used within the military. In 1962 the idea of a Global Network of computers was proposed where control could be maintained over missiles and weapons during a nuclear attack if one location was attacked, the military could keep control from another location. ** 4.  ****  Development  ** ARPA enlisted the help of the company Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) to create the computer network. ** 4.1.  ****  Packet Switching   ** Packet switching was developed as it breaks down data to determine the origin and destination of the information and forwards those packets from one computer to another until it arrives at its destination. In 1965 they connected a computer in Massachusetts with one in California over dialup telephone lines. They soon discovered that the telephone line was inadequate and the realisation that packet switching was a more adequate form of communicating soon sank in. ** 4.2.  ****  Arpanet  ** Arpanet was the network created that was run on packet switching technology. Four computers were connected together in 1969. These included UCLA, Stanford University, Utah and UCSB. Charley Kline at UCLA tried to send a message “Login” to Stanford and the system crashed at the letter “g”. As the months went by, many more computers were added from other universities and libraries. ** 4.3.  ****  Protocol  ** The original ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol was called the Network Control Protocol (NCP). This allowed communications between hosts on the same network. NCP was later replaced by a protocol that allowed different computer networks to connect and communicate. This protocol was the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), designed by Robert Khan along with Vincent. While NCP was more like a device driver, the new protocol was more like a communications protocol. TCP was the essential program at the heart of what was to become the Internet. ** 5. How it’s developing and growing today  ** By the mid-1980’s people began to view this collection, of various inter-connecting computers, as an Internet. The term Internet, capital “I”, refers to a specific internet that spans the world, allowing colleges, businesses, private users etc. to communicate. Tim Berners-Lee wanted to create a way for researchers to be able to use the internet to collaborate and share information. ** 5.1. World Wide Web  ** The World Wide Web is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext and multimedia to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. It is abrreviated on the net as “www”. It was developed by Tim Berners-Lee. It has gone from zero to hero as it is hard to think of life without the web today. ** 5.2. Hypertext  ** A key concept of the World Wide Web is ** hypertext, ** a way of constructing documents that reference other documents on the web. It was first described by Ted Nelson in 1960. Douglas Engelbart, who invented the mouse and the graphical interface, experimented with the hypertext and made the first working hypertext system. This hypertext computer system was called NLS (oN-Line System), which was used to cross-reference research papers for sharing among geographically distributed researchers. It was then future developed by Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Calliau in 1989. ** 5.3. HTML  ** Html stands for Hyper Text Mark Up Language, it is the designed language in creating documents in the World Wide Web. It determines the structure and layout of a webpage. It is a universal language which embeds graphics, links documents, how a page looks etc. making it appealing for visitors. The World Wide Web now is a landmark for advertisement and luring in consumers. Beforehand it was very basic and plain layouts. Nowadays the web has turned into a very competitive place to be. The html has gotten more complex and original. Tim Berners-Lee wanted to develop the idea of hypertext so data could easily be accessed and transferred. It used to be only read-only material. 5.4. URL ** URL stands for the Uniform Resource Locator; it is the global address for resources and other documents. The first part of the address is called a protocol identifier and it indicates what protocol to use and the second part is called a resource name and it specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located. It was created in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee and the internet engineering task force.

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. To date, the principle, of search engines are that they analysis material on the web by its textual index, on the website. Search engines have proven that they are incredibly useful, in that large indexes can be searched very quickly. They operate algorithmically and rarely by human input. They were first created in 1990 by a man called Alan Emtagne. Once it started the search engines got more evolved and developed. One of the most popular Search Engines of today is Google, which was created by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. This Search engine was firstly designed in 1996. ** 6. Uses of the Internet today and future  ** The Internet has both positive and negative views but overall, nowadays it is used worldwide and is very beneficial yet harmful. It has developed immensely from what it use to be. It is a technology that has advance much quicker than others. It gives us the possibility to interact with people effectively and efficiently. You can share your knowledge and access data easily wherever it may be across the world. The Internet today has become part of everyday life. The future seems bright for the Internet, as things are only bond to get better and more competitive. Predictions tell us that the internet will be able to be used on anything and everything. Some tell us that in the following few months people will be using mostly smartphones. Moblie phones with wifi that can easy get access to the internet. Also according to Dr. Vinton G. Cerf ( Father of the internet) it is going to off planet. And the the speed of it would be much quicker than it is today. ** 7. Conclusions  ** Although the internet started off as a military project it soon developed very quickly in the field of science and technology and became more of an academic achievement than a military one. The first places to connect to the internet were the four computers in the colleges mentioned earlier. Also stated earlier, as the internet grew, it was libraries and collages that were joining it and also government departments. The internet was a huge breakthrough and is taken for granted today as it is a huge part of the daily lives of people today. Business, entertainment, socialising, information and so much more are constantly being accessed on the internet today and it is quickly becoming the preferred medium. ** 8. References  ** __ http://www.lincoln.edu/math/rmyrick/ComputerNetworks/InetReference/57.htm __ (Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia)
 * 5.5. Search Engines **

__ http://www.helium.com/items/1008870-how-the-internet-has-developed?page=2 __ (Shahnon Salleh, Article “How the Internet Has Developed”)

__ http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_kahn.htm __ (Robert Khan, The World’ First Book Published On The Web, 2000)

Powerpoint on the internet (Robert Griffin) http://sixrevisions.com/web-technology/6-predictions-for-the-future-of-the-internet/ (Dec 22nd 2009 Predictions, by Arley McBlain) [] (Google’s View on the Internets Future, May 30th 2008) __ Internet History __ __ www.lincoln.edu __ [|**http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/**] [|**http://library.thinkquest.org/10826/spacerac.htm**] []